Uses of DNA Technology

Employments of DNA Technology Presentation DNA composing was first utilized in Great Britain for law implementation purposes in the mid-1980s and has altered measurable science and the capacity of law authorization to coordinate culprits with wrongdoing scenes. It wasnt utilized in the United States until 1987. DNA profiling has changed measurable science. DNA innovation has given police and the courts a methods for recognizing the suspects of assaults and murders. A huge number of cases have been shut and honest suspects liberated with liable ones rebuffed due to the intensity of a quiet organic observer at the wrongdoing scene. Today, the Federal Bureau of Investigation plays out the greater part of the legal DNA composing for neighborhood and state law implementation offices. In criminal examinations, DNA from tests of hair, natural liquids or skin at a wrongdoing scene is contrasted and those acquired from suspected suspects. (http://faculty.ncwc.edu) ‘DNA fingerprinting, or DNA composing (profiling) as it is presen tly known, was first portrayed in 1985 by an English geneticist named Alec Jeffreys. Dr Jeffreys found that specific districts of DNA contained DNA groupings that were rehashed again and again close to one another. He additionally found that the quantity of rehashed areas present in an example could vary from individual to person. By building up a strategy to look at the length variety of these DNA rehash successions, Dr Jeffreys made the capacity to perform human character tests. (John Butler, 2005) Sir Alec John Jeffreys, was brought into the world 9 January 1950 at Oxford in Oxfordshire. He is a teacher of hereditary qualities at theUniversity of Leicester, and he turned into a privileged freeman of the City of Leicester on 26 November 1992. (Leicester City Council, 1992) In 1994, he was knighted by her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, for Services to Science and Technology. Jeffreys had an aha second in his lab in Leicester in the wake of taking a gander at the X-beam film picture of a DNA analyze at 9:05 am on Monday 10 September 1984, which out of the blue indicated the two likenesses and contrasts between the DNA of various individuals from his professionals family. (BBC Radio, December 9, 2007) Within about 30 minutes, he understood the conceivable extent of DNA fingerprinting, which utilizes varieties in the hereditary code to distinguish people. The technique has gotten significant in scientific science to help police analyst work, and it has likewise demonstrated valuable in settling paternity and migration debates. (BBC Radio, December 9, 2007) The strategy can likewise be applied to non-human species, for instance in untamed life populace hereditary qualities examines. Before his techniques were marketed in 1987 his lab was the main place doing DNA fingerprinting on the planet, and during this time of around a few years it was extremely caught up with, getting requests from everywhere throughout the globe. (Neston, Giles February 2, 2004) The strategy utilized by Dr Jeffreys to look at the VNTRs was called limitation section length polymorphism (RFLP) in light of the fact that it included the utilization of a limitation catalyst to cut the areas of DNA encompassing the VNTRs. This RFLP strategy was first used to help in an English migration case and presently to tackle a twofold manslaughter case. Since that time, human personality testing utilizing DNA composing techniques has been across the board. The previous 25 years have seen enormous development in the utilization of DNA proof in wrongdoing scene examinations just as paternity testing. Today more than 100 open measurable research centers and a few dozen private paternity testing labs lead a huge number of DNA tests every year in the United States. Likewise, most nations in Europe and Asia have scientific DNA programs. The quantity of research facilities around the globe leading DNA testing will keep on developing as the method gains in prominence inside the law requirement network. (John Butler, 2005) How DNA Typing Is Done Only one-tenth of a solitary percent of DNA (around 3 million bases) varies starting with one individual then onto the next. (Web Source www.ornl.org, 2009) Scientists can utilize these variable districts to create a DNA profile of an individual, utilizing tests from blood, bone, hair, and other body tissues and items. In criminal cases, this by and large includes getting tests from wrongdoing scene proof and a suspect, removing the DNA, and breaking down it for the nearness of a lot of explicit DNA locales (markers). Researchers discover the markers in a DNA test by planning little bits of DNA (tests) that will each search out and tie to a corresponding DNA arrangement in the example. A progression of tests bound to a DNA test makes a particular example for a person. Measurable researchers contrast these DNA profiles with decide if the speculates test coordinates the proof example. A marker without anyone else for the most part isn't interesting to an individual; assuming, notwithst anding, two DNA tests are indistinguishable at four or five locales, chances are extraordinary that the examples are from a similar individual. On the off chance that the example profiles dont coordinate, the individual didn't contribute the DNA at the wrongdoing scene. On the off chance that the examples coordinate, the suspect may have contributed the proof example. While quite possibly another person has a similar DNA profile for a specific test set, the chances are exceedingly thin. Numerous adjudicators look at this as an issue for a jury to think about alongside other proof for the situation. (Web Source www.nfstc.org, 2009) Experts bring up that utilizing DNA scientific innovation is far better than onlooker accounts, where the chances for right ID are about 50:50. The more tests utilized in DNA investigation, the more prominent the chances for a special example and against an unplanned match, yet each extra test adds significantly to the time and cost of testing. Four to six tests are suggested. Testing with a few additional tests will get standard, watched John Hicks (Internet Source www.alabany.edu/nerfi, 2009). He anticipated that DNA chip innovation will empower substantially more quick, reasonable investigations utilizing a lot more tests and raising the chances against fortuitous matches. Kinds of DNA Technologies Limitation Fragment Length Polymorphism RFLP is a technique utilized by atomic researcher to follow a specific succession of DNA as it is given to different cells. RFLPs can be utilized in a wide range of settings to achieve various goals. RFLPs can be utilized in paternity cases or criminal cases to decide the wellspring of a DNA test. RFLPs can be utilized decide the malady status of a person. RFLPs can be utilized to quantify recombination rates which can prompt a hereditary guide with the separation between RFLP loci estimated in centiMorgans. (Web Source www.bio.davidson.edu, 2009) Total DNA is first extricated from the microbial network and the16S rRNA geneâ is enhanced from tests utilizing fluorescently-marked forward and turn around groundworks. Next, the PCR item is purged and exposed to limitation chemical assimilation with proteins that have 4 base pair acknowledgment locales. This progression produces fluorescently-marked terminal limitation pieces. The processed items a re then isolated and distinguished on a suitable electrophoresis stage. For a given example the terminal parts will contain a fluorescent name at the 5 end and will consequently be identified. The yield will be a progression of pinnacles (parts) of different sizes and statures that speaks to the profile of that example. (Osborn, A. M., Moore, R.B. furthermore, Timmis, K.N., 2000) Polymerase chain response PCR is utilized to make a huge number of precise of DNA from a natural example. DNA enhancement with PCR permits DNA investigation on natural examples as little as a couple of skin cells. A polymerase is a normally happening chemical, a natural macromolecule that catalyzes the arrangement and fix of DNA (and RNA). The procedure was made conceivable by the disclosure of Taq polymerase, the DNA polymerase that is utilized by the bacterium Thermus auquaticus that was found in underground aquifers. This DNA polymerase is steady at the high temperatures need to play out the enhancement, though other DNA polymerases become denatured. Since this strategy includes enhancement of DNA, the most evident utilization of the technique is in the recognition of tiny measures of explicit DNAs. This is significant in the identification of low level bacterial contaminations or fast changes in interpretation at the single cell level, just as the location of a particular people DNA in measurable science. It can likewise be utilized in DNA sequencing, screening for hereditary clutters, site explicit transformation of DNA, or cloning or subcloning of cDNAs. (Web Source www.plattsburgh.edu, 2009) Short pair rehash STR innovation is utilized to assess explicit areas (loci) inside atomic DNA. Changeability in STR districts can be utilized to recognize one DNA profile from another. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) utilizes a standard arrangement of 13 explicit STR areas for CODIS. CODIS is a product program that works nearby, state, and national databases of DNA profiles from indicted guilty parties, unsolved wrongdoing scene proof, and missing people. The chances that two people will have a similar 13-loci DNA profile is around one out of many. (Web Source www.ornl.org, 2009) The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has picked 13 explicit STR loci to fill in as the standard for CODIS. The motivation behind building up a center arrangement of STR loci is to guarantee that every single legal research facility can set up uniform DNA databases and, all the more critically, share important legal data. In the event that the scientific or indicted guilty party CODIS record i s to be utilized in the insightful phases of unsolved cases, DNA profiles must be created by utilizing STR innovation and the particular 13 center STR loci chose by the FBI. (Web Source www.dna.gov, 2009) Mitochondrial DNA investigation mtDNA can be utilized to look at the DNA from tests that can't be examined by RFLP or STR. Atomic DNA must be removed from tests for use in RFLP, PCR, and STR; be that as it may, mtDNA analy

Advertising S.C.O.R.E Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Promoting S.C.O.R.E - Essay Example By utilizing highly contrasting, horrible symbolism with savage individuals battling to get a chomp of the apple, 5 Seeds shows how it can change individuals in a wide range of ways. The straightforward objective of the promotion is to ensure individuals relate to common fixings and the advantages to the body and brain. The promotion is imaginative with its utilization of highly contrasting and afterward a change into shading to show how basic fixings like the apple figure out how to make a superior domain and a more joyful individual. It has sway in light of the fact that the entire thought of Adam and Eve was that they were misdirected ordinarily in the scriptural story and advised not to eat the apple, despite the fact that they needed it gravely. By indicating antiquated individuals in dim and alarming situations and afterward changing the foundation into an increasingly thoughtful and welcoming shading plan, it shows that the characteristic fixings in 5 Seeds have benefits from numerous points of view. The imagination comes in the shading plan, however by utilizing age-old ideas (Adam and Eve) to give the beverage an increasingly present day see with respect to wellbeing and mental prosperity. Imagination is additionally recognizable with the crows that appear to be ensuring the apple as a way to save their own food sources. It shows that these fixings are even imperative to creatures, anyway individuals are the champs in the battle and are obviously improved for it. At the point when the Eve character puts her very life out on the appendage just to get a solitary nibble, it tells the purchaser that they ought to effectively look for 5 Seeds since it is produced using the most quality fixings on Earth. The inventiveness of the notice comes by they way it changes detestable environmental factors into increasingly excellent environmental factors, giving buyers a sort of story that tops their advantage. 5 Seeds has numerous contenders and it is hard to separate the item from other comparable items on the beverage advertise. Along these lines, so as to make the notice stand apart seriously, they use symbolism

Kobe Bryant Essay -- Sports, NBA, A sexual Assault Case

â€Å"The Tainted Record† He has everything: the distinction, the fortune, and the fans. Kobe Bryant has everything without exception any living individual could need, and as a previous NBA champion, he even has seemingly more physicality than a great many people out there. Be that as it may, even through his NBA titles and his MVP grants, numerous individuals will in general glance at Kobe in a negative way; nearly look down on the star for one single event. This may appear to be brutal, yet there is to be sure a consistent clarification to this apparently skeptical consideration Kobe consistently pulls in. In 2003, a rape case was documented on Kobe, which would continue to influence his picture perpetually (â€Å"Bryant, Kobe† 4). Subsequently, in spite of the fact that he is an amazingly gifted competitor, Kobe Bryant is a negative impact to hopeful ball players. In spite of the fact that this negative consideration happened during his NBA profession, Bryant did, indeed, have numerous NBA accomplishments before this disaster. Right off the bat, at only 17 years of age (â€Å"Kobe Bryant† 1), Kobe figured out how to turn into the second most youthful player to enter the expert group in NBA history, being the thirteenth by and large pick in the 1996 draft (â€Å"Bryant, Kobe† 1). In mid-1996, Kobe was exchanged to his now current group, the NBA Lakers, where he would continue to increase the two his brilliance and his disgrace (â€Å"Kobe Bryant† 1). Furthermore, Bryant joined the top pick group in simply his second season in the alliance, along these lines turning into the single most youthful player to be a piece of the elite player group ever (â€Å"Bryant, Kobe† 1) at only 19 years of age (Kobe at 30- - Oh, how the years pass by 2). Shockingly, these accomplishments would not be the main ones he would obtain. By 2003, Bryant had just caught 3 NBA titles for himself (â€Å"Bryant, Kobe† 1), winning three titles in succession from 2000 to 2002(K... ...e Bryant’s achievement, he is tragically a negative good example to hopeful b-ball players. In any case, he has everything. Kobe Bryant consistently is and consistently will be a NBA legend. He has had and still has endless fans, and has a degree of aptitude which not many could even match. Nonetheless, in spite of these accomplishments he has accomplished and the entirety of the cash he has figured out how to win, his rape case in 2003 spoils this well known star’s record. Regardless of how it’s watched, Kobe Bryant was for all time influenced, which thusly influenced numerous fans’ perspectives of the star. Also, despite the fact that he has made a clear rebound, his past activities are not and will never be overlooked. Regardless of what he does later on, the attack case will even now be there. Along these lines, along these lines, Kobe Bryant’s picture, regardless of how hard he may attempt, will be harmed, or polluted, for eternity.

Why vegetarian diet is better essay sample

Nowadays, we are living in the society with a very mad tempo of life. We constantly hurry up somewhere; therefore, it is extremely important for most people to care about their health and protect themselves from different diseases. Only a healthy way of life can help them in such a situation. It implies many different things: rejection of harmful habits such as smoking and drinking alcohol, everyday physical activity, and proper nutrition. The latter one plays a central role in a healthy lifestyle because we are what we eat. Hence, it is not surprising that vegetarianism becomes ever more popular nowadays. Many people have already decided to go vegetarian, and the reason for such a decision is that vegetarian diet benefits are obvious, and this diet is considered the healthiest and the most balanced by many scientists. Scientists of the Harvard Medical School supposed that becoming a vegetarian may protect one from such widespread diseases of the modern society as cancer, a heart attack, and even type 2 diabetes (Harvard Women’s Health Watch, 2009). A vegetarian diet plan implies decreased consumption of saturated fat and cholesterol, which are considered the main cause of all diseases connected with a cardio-vascular system, and with a state of one’s heart in particular. Moreover, vegetarians consume a lot of products with a low glycemic index, which makes the risk of having type 2 diabetes among vegetarians 50% lower than among non-vegetarians. In addition, so as vegetarians prefer to eat more fruits and vegetables than ordinary people, they have lower levels of carcinogenic substances in their blood. Hence, it means lower risk of different types of cancer although scientists are still confused about the exact mechanism of its development. It should be mentioned that vegetarianism as an approach to everyday nutrition plan has a great number of varieties. Semi-vegetarian and pescatarian variants of diet are considered the healthiest ones. Other options to consider include: Partially or semi-vegetarian ration when one is still eating poultry and other animal products with an exception of meat. Pescatarian diet when a person prefers to include milk, eggs, seafood, and fish in his/her daily nutrition plan, but at the same time try to avoid meat (especially, red) and poultry. Lacto-ovo vegetarian diet. This type of vegetarian ration implies consumption of milk and eggs while all other products of animal origin are excluded. Purely vegan diet foods mean that one’s everyday ration has no products of animal origin, only fruits, and vegetables. Hence, what can vegans not eat list is much wider than the same one among other types of people who choose a vegetarian diet (Mangels, Messina, Messina, 2011). The first two variants of a vegetarian plan are at the top of healthiness and benefit because by eliminating some food groups from everyday ration, one increases a potential risk to miss out some important micro elements. Although the Internet is full of vegan diet recipes, such vitamins and micro elements as calcium, iron, proteins, and vitamin B12 are very rare in this ration. Hence, semi-vegetarians and lacto-ovo vegetarians have more sources to get these elements from food (Harvard Women’s Health Watch, 2014). What do vegans eat for protein? Predominately, these are beans and nuts, while vegetarians may allow themselves eggs, milk and other dairy products so familiar to ordinary people as well. In this case, it is possible to suppose that each vegetarian may create a nice omelet with different vegetables for breakfast while the question â€Å"What do vegans eat for breakfast?† is still open. In general, veganism is too severe for most ordinary people because this ty pe of nutrition has too many restrictions. On this simple ground, scientists think that in the vegetarian vs vegan battle the victory goes to vegetarians! Semi-vegetarian and pescatarian diets are similar to a well-known Mediterranean diet. Although this type of nutrition is not a diet by its definition, it is also based on fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains as well as vegetarian diets. In this case, if a person follows to his/her nutrition plan properly, his/her ration will have up to 60% of carbohydrates and only 30% of fats. In addition, such famous dishes as Greek salad, risotto with sea products, and other popular samples of Greek, Italian, and Spanish cuisine are also very delicious. Nowadays, specialists of Mayo clinic staff has already proved that this diet is a heart-healthy one (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2017). Hence, if some person wants to go vegetarian, it is probably worth going Mediterranean first. However, vegetarian benefits and disadvantages are still not so obvious. It is important to mention that if one decides to keep to a vegetarian or even vegan diet, it will be better to consult the doctor first because the current state of the person’s health should be examined first. Only a doctor may inform a person about benefits or threats of vegetarianism. All in all, there are too many reasons to keep to a vegetarian diet and not all of them connected with health. Some people stop eating meat and other products of animal origin just due to some religious views or concerns about animal welfare. So, it is obviously up to you to decide is being a vegetarian better for you not, but a transfer to a vegetarian diet should still be undertaken responsibly and cautiously.

Andrew Jackson A Psychopath - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 978 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/06 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Andrew Jackson Essay Did you like this example? When you look at the presidency of Andrew Jackson, some might see a man with a fiery passion who had the will to do what was necessary for the betterment of America. However, Andrew Jackson was a man with vicious tendencies and a lack of morals when it came to his decision making. He was ruthless and did whatever it took to get what he wanted. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Andrew Jackson: A Psychopath" essay for you Create order Being a psychopath can have side effects such as shallow emotions, lack of empathy, impulsiveness, manipulativeness, or a lack of remorse or guilt. Soon you are going to see just how much of a psychopath Andrew Jackson really was. Andrew Jackson was a man in the military before anything else. During the war of 1812, he was appointed Major General of the Tennessee Militia. At the time, they had been fighting in against the British allied Creek Indians who had massacred hundreds of soldiers at Fort Whim. This is where Jacksons hatred of the Indians had come from but well get back to that later. Without any orders, Jackson took his troops towards Florida and captured the Pensacola outpost. Then in an even more brash decision, Jackson decided to take his 5,000 troops towards New Orleans where they were outnumbered 2 to 1. To the worlds surprise, Jackson prevailed and the US took New Orleans. This decision to just sweep from Florida to New Orleans was an impulsive action which could have very easily resulted in the deaths of over five thousand men . What is even worse is that something very similar happens yet again. When Jackson is called back into the military during the First Seminole war at the end of 1817, he goes beyond his orders yet again and decides to invade Spanish controlled Florida. Here, he recaptures St. Marks and Pensacola and overthrows the West Florida Governor, Jose Masot. This shows his impulsivity yet again. He blatantly shows no regard for his troops whatsoever. This kind of behavior would be considered deplorable if there was not a victory to go along with it. Jacksons showing of a lack of consciousness is just one example of his psychopathic tendencies. Jackson was considered a war hero and this helped his case when it came to the Presidential election in 1824. Jackson received the popular vote, but nobody received the votes required from the Electoral college due to the Republican Party being split from industrialization, spread of cotton, westward expansion and the changing role of the government. After John Quincy Adams wins the Presidency with the help of Henry Clay and the corrupt bargain, Jackson decides to run for President again and wins the election of 1828. He had taken advantage of the peoples anger with John Quincy Adams and used it to propel himself forward in the election. This resulted in him being elected president and enabled him to create the spoils system which would allow Jackson to get exactly who he wanted into the government and remove whoever he needed to. This is a perfect example of the manipulativeness of Jackson in order to get what he wanted. He saw that he needed to show support for the people and be on their side and he would get his shot at being President. Andrew Jackson has been shown to be psychotic. However, this act not only reinforces this idea, but shows a very sinister side to the President. Jackson was entirely responsible for the signing and implementation of the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This gave Jackson the power to remove Natives from their ancestral homeland and move them West of the Mississippi. What was soon to come would be considered an atrocity. The US Supreme Court had ruled in two separate occasions that Georgia had no right to take the Cherokee lands. However, Georgia violated the treaty and Jackson did absolutely nothing to stop them. This resulted in over 15,000 Cherokee members being moved from their native lands. They were forced to move over 2,000 miles towards present day Oklahoma. Many were dying from disease and starvation and a total of around 4,000 people died in the process. This awful act of standing by and forcing people away from their is surely reason prove that Jackson was nothing but a psychopa th. This blatant lack of empathy and lack of remorse or guilt shows nothing but proof that Andrew Jackson was a psychopath. Not only was Jackson a psychopath, he was an incredibly tough one at that. Sometime during the year 1806, Andrew Jackson challenged a man named Charles Dickinson to a duel. Now Jackson has shown that he doesnt share much emotion when it comes to other and this is represented by this duel as well. During the duel, Andrew Jackson was shot in the chest. However, he survived the bullet and fatally shot Charles Dickinson. The bullet stayed in his chest until the day he died. Now Charles has shown a blatant disregard for the people around him including soldiers and natives alike. Now it is known that he had no problem killing a man over a simple quarrel. This is a prime example of the shallow emotions that Jackson had especially towards human life itself. Andrew Jackson had some better things happen for him. After all, he did bankrupt the Second Bank of America. However, his tendencies show that he was a terrible person who showed little to no respect for human life, no empathy for the natives, and overall, a lack of remorse or guilt for anybody. Andrew Jackson was undoubtedly, a psychopath. References: Freidel, Frank. Andrew Jackson. The White House, The United States Government, 2006, www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/andrew-jackson/. Feller, Daniel. Andrew Jackson. Miller Center, 2 July 2018, millercenter.org/president/jackson. Andrew Jackson. American Battlefield Trust, 15 May 2017, www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/andrew-jackson. Brands, H. W. Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times. Anchor Books, 2006. ANDREW JACKSON. Weapons in the War of 1812 | NCpedia, www.ncpedia.org/biography/jackson-andrew.

Energy expenditure, intake and balance - 1852 Words

Task 1 [P3, M1] Describe/explain potential sources of energy intake and expenditure and the factors that affect intake and expenditure such as basal metabolism, age, gender, climate and physical activity. Food is a source of energy intake as it contains carbohydrates; there main function is to store energy in the muscles. Carbs are a macronutrient and come in two different forms, simple which are foods like chocolate and sweets these release energy quickly, the other form is complex which are foods like pasta and rice they release energy slower so are better to keep energy for a sustained period of time. There are certain factors that affect energy intake for instance what gender you are affects how much energy you need, a male’s†¦show more content†¦These measurements are then converted into body fat percentage using an equation; a male should have around 15% body fat whereas a female should have 20-25% due to them having breasts etc. (100 words) Bioelectrical Impedance- Bioelectrical impedance measures the resistance of body tissues to the flow of a small electrical signal. The proportion of body fat can be calculated due to the current flowing through the parts of the body that are made up of mostly of water such as blood, urine and muscle this is not possible through bone, fat and air. By doing this it is possible to work out how much body fat the person has by combining the bioelectric impendence measurement with factors such as gender, age, height, weight, and fitness level. (100 words) Hydro densitometry- Hydro densitometry (which is also known as hydrostatic weighing) is weighing someone while they are in water, it is considered to be the most accurate form of measuring body fat. A very large tank of water is used for this test, firstly a comparison is made between the underwater weight and the dry weight of a person. Due to fat being less dense than the other tissues in the body, it floats more easily. The more fat a person has on their body, the greater the difference between the dry and wet weights. While this method of measuring is very accurate and considered the best way of measuring body fat, not many people use this method because the equipment and test is highly expensive. (100 words)Show MoreRelatedWhat Causes Obesity Is The Relationship Of Energy Intake And Expenditure And Its Effect On Energy Balance Essay2199 Words   |  9 Pagesobesity is the relationship of energy intake and expenditure and its effect on energy balance. 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RecordingRead MoreMy Nutrition Imbalance Caused By Not Eat Adequate Amounts Of Asdkfajskf904 Words   |  4 Pages Nutrition is a very important part of our everyday lives. Before a person can have a diet that meets their needs for weight maintenance or weight lost, they have to first understand their nutritional needs. Deity plus was used to track my food intake from Sunday February 26 through Thursday March 2. This process showed me that I need to take steps to address my nutrition imbalance caused by not eat adequate amounts of asdkfajskf, adfkajsfkls,a sdfnalskfj and consume too much salt because continuingRead MoreThe Concept of Energy Intake and Expenditure in Sports Performance.1952 Words   |  8 PagesTask 2 – Describe (P3) or explain (M1) the concept of energy intake and expenditure in sports performance. 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Bureaucracy in the Philippines - Book Review free essay sample

Book Review The Bureaucracy in the Philippines Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz - Institute of Public Administration: University of the Philippines, 1957. 268 pp. This book is about the administrative history of the bureaucracy in the Philippines. It spans from the 1560’s when Spain undertook to administer the affairs of the natives of the archipelago to the 1950’s when the Filipinos assumed the responsibility of self-government.The author presented the significant phases in the evolution of our administrative apparatus to identify the important characteristics of the current form and functions of the civil service of the Philippine government. In Chapter 1, Dr. Corpuz described the native life of the inhabitants before the arrival of the Spaniards. These inhabitants were not strangers to progress and civilization. Although the pre-Spanish Filipinos were in a state of cultural maturity, it was maturity at a low level.It was a stage of cultural inadequacy based on an old and simple framework. The author briefly discussed the transition of the Philippine bureaucracy from the time that we’re still a colony of foreign nations to the time that the Philippines became an independent republic. The author reconstructed, in Chapter 2, the setting in which Spain’s colonial bureaucracy appeared around the middle of the 16th century. The author also described how the Spanish colonial government â€Å"organized† the colony in Filipinas.Also discussed was the expedition headed by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 21 November 1564, how his peaceful diplomacy won the allegiance of many subjects and the establishment of Manila as a city and Legazpi’s capital. Chapter 3 discussed the two concepts on how bureaucracy may be viewed: (1) as an organization or apparatus; (2) as a collection of individual bureaucrats, placing more emphasis on the 2nd concept of bureaucracy – the realities of bureaucratic behaviour. The chapter is devoted to a study of Spanish bureaucrats. The author also discussed the following: a. how bureaucrats are appointed in Filipinas and in Spain – the processes and criteria involved in obtaining the king’s favor; b. how to acquire/purchase an office where many bureaucrats obtained their positions; c. detailed conditions under which Spanish bureaucrats as a whole lived and worked; and d. ow the administrative organization was centralized in Manila for control and communications purposes. The next two chapters are dedicated in highlighting the essentials of life and service of the highest-ranking bureaucrats – the Presidente-Gobernador (Governor-General), the Oidores, Fiscales, and Reales Oficiales – who constituted the governmental bureaucracy in Manila. The author, in Chapter 4, described the governor-general of Filipinas which had the attributes of a super-bureaucrat.Also discussed, in general, was the performance of the different governor-general appointed in Filipinas and illustrated the conflict between the clergy and the governors and the instability of the governorship – which office was considered as an opportunity for private material profit. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the discussion of the Audiencia of Manila and its bureaucrats and the Royal Officials. The Audiencia performed functions of a superior judicial tribunal; the highest court of justice in the colonies.The author discussed the conditions, restrictions, the legislative and judicial functions and the organizational changes of the office. Also discussed are the functions and conditions of the â€Å"Royal Official† (Reales Oficiales) or the oficial de la real hacienda who are the administrators of the king’s personal estate or the royal hacienda. It should be remembered that the various dominions/colonies in the Indias are considered as the king’s personal property or estate. â€Å"As a monarch, he entrusted the government of his kingdoms and provinces to viceroys, governors-general, and Audiencias.As a proprietor, he entrusted the administration of his estate and revenues to the royal officials. † The structural defects and administrative weakness of the bureaucracy is brought about by the pervasion and corruption of the office of men who only saw the position as a means for private personal gain. In Chapter 6, the author then discussed the conditions, restrictions and all the functions and duties of the provincial government and the provincial officers/bureaucrats commonly known as alcade-mayor. The alcaldes are the provincial equivalent/counterpart of the governor-general of the archipelago.The author also highlighted how the alcalde-mayor was also the judge with provincial jurisdictions and since these bureaucrats have no background in the law and having arrived in the province with questionable motives, it is therefore said that the â€Å"pr incipal vice† of province administration is the absence of â€Å"true justice†. The author emphasized that provincial administration has no direction since the system of concentration of functions is in one man and this has disadvantageously rendered the bureaucrat inefficient. This inefficiency neglect or non-performance of duties – easily turned into oppression.The alcadeship evolved into an office of abuse since there were no checks to the alcalde’s excesses and frauds. He is the judge – administrator – military commandant of the province – an action against him is futile. However, reforms were undertaken to improve the administration in the provinces. But these reforms weren’t able to bear fruit for the main reason that they were enacted too late. Discussed also were the native bureaucrats and the system of local government; the principalia which was a social and political aristocracy on the village level – the details of its participation and the conditions under which it was actually exercised.The author also described the undeniable influence or relative power of the clergy in civil and political life, them being more â€Å"unified† than the group of the bureaucrats. In Chapter 7, the author summarized the weaknesses of the Spanish colonial bureaucracy, fundamental of which was the internal moral corruption of its members made worse by the fact that the Madrid government placed its political faith not in the bureaucracy but in the church. Discussed also as the futile attempts to reform the colonial bureaucracy and the general structure of the central administration and the budgetary practices of the central government in Manila. Chapter 8 is a â€Å"discussion of the principal events and factors that shaped the new era that constituted the basis upon which the new political administration was established, and that provided the context for the new bureaucracy and the new bureaucrats. † The author discussed Aguinaldo’s action and the general features of the scheme to organize the town and provincial governments.The new institutions under the Revolutionary Government were closely patterned after the preceding scheme of the Spanish a dministration due to the lack of time for innovations, but the local authorities and institutions were now more popularly based and autonomous. Discussed also was the principal features of the Malolos Constitution of 1899 which was an admirable work of constitutionalism, considering the difficult conditions of the times and the inexperience of its authors. Ideal as it may seem, the first attempt to self-government was aborted as the Philippines was once again under a colonial regime – now in the hands of the Americans. According to the author, the American occupation of the Philippines is generally pointed out as a major phase in the evolution of modern colonial policy and colonial administration. During this time, there were increased economic activities – in agriculture, manufacturing and commerce – such that the colony enjoyed vastly improved standards of living and for the first time, the masses have a chance to escape from poverty. The author also studied the formative period, from 1900 to 1913, of the new bureaucracy.The author identified the salient features of this advanced civil service system which is in great magnitude different from that of the old Spanish system. In Chapter 9, the author focussed on the period from 1913 to 1935 in which the civil service continued to evolve and which was respected by both American authorities and Filipino officials and politicians. But the evolutionary development was unremarkable. It was a steady but rather dreary process, unmarked by ba sic structural alteration or dramatic innovation in the service itself. During this period, both houses of the lawmaking bodies were under Filipino control.This period also marked the beginning of Filipinization of the civil service. In Chapter 10, the author discussed how the Philippine Civil Service, from 1935 to 1955, passed through brief but basic evolutionary governments. First discussed was the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth Government (November 15, 1935) which completed the gradual transfer of government functions to Filipinos. The Philippine Government was a 10-year transitional government – republican in form, Filipino in personnel and has autonomy in domestic affairs – to be superseded by the Republic of the Philippines on July 4, 1946.Further discussed were the constitutional changes and phases of which the civil service is also undergoing namely: First, the phase of consolidation and further expansion, lasting until the Japanese invasion; Second, the phase of dislocation and demoralization covering the war and ear ly postwar years; and Third, the phase of reconstruction and modernization. The author, in the last chapter, summarized the important phases in the bureaucracy in the Philippines from the pre-Spanish period to the year 1955 which was discussed in detail in the preceding chapters. Also discussed briefly were the weaknesses and characteristics of the bureaucracy.This work of Dr. Onofre Corpuz is a vital contribution to the study of Public Administration. I have but good words for this work. The topics were well-organized and clearly written. He was able to piece together different historical data and I was impressed by the historical information presented in this book and his sources which dates from early 1600’s. Because of this book, the reader will have a better background and clearer understanding of the current conditions of the bureaucracy. I hope there could be further study on the conditions of the bureaucracy, if significant change has been attained after 1955.